Russula variata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_variata.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods, especially oaks--but occasionally reported (perhaps erroneously) under conifers; growing alone or gregariously; summer and fall; possibly widely distributed, but more frequently encountered in eastern North America.

Cap: 5-15 cm; round to convex when young, becoming broadly convex to flat or shallowly depressed; dry or slightly moist; fairly smooth, or sometimes becoming cracked with age; green to olive green or purplish pink--or with these and other shades mottled; the margin sometimes slightly lined in older specimens; the skin peeling fairly easily, sometimes halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached or slightly running down the stem; close or crowded; forking frequently and conspicuously, near the stem, near the cap margin, and in-between (enlarge the illustration for an example); white; occasionally spotting slightly brownish in age, but not bruising; when young soft, greasy, and flexible (un-Russula-like in this regard).

Stem: 3-10 cm long; 1-3 cm thick; white, occasionally discoloring brownish in places but not actually bruising; brittle; dry; often becoming cavernous; fairly smooth.

Flesh: White; brittle; thick.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild or, more frequently, slowly moderately acrid (be sure to include the gills in a taste test), becoming mild with age.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative to orangish. Iron salts on flesh and stem surface negative.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11.5 x 6-8 ; with fairly isolated warts .3-1 high; connectors present but not forming reticula. Pileipellis a cutis beneath a turf-like upper level of elements with variously shaped, slender tips; pileocystidia not clearly differentiated, but some hyphal tips and/or pseudocystidia may be positive in sulphovanillin; in KOH all pileipellis elements hyaline.

Suillus pseudobrevipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_pseudobrevipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hard pines (those with needles in bundles of 2 or 3), especially lodgepole pine; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; originally described from Idaho (Thiers & Smith 1964); distributed throughout western North America, in the natural range of lodgepole pine. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 5-12 cm; convex becoming broadly convex; slimy when fresh; bald; brownish yellow to yellow-brown, fading to tan; the margin with white veil remnants.

Pore Surface: Pale yellow, becoming darker yellow; not bruising; with 2-3 circular to angular pores per mm; tubes to about 1 cm deep; surface not boletinoid.

Stem: 2.5-6 cm long; 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tapering slightly to apex; whitish to pale yellowish above; whitish to brownish yellow below; sometimes bruising brownish; glandular dots usually tiny and concolorous with stem surface (nearly invisible without a hand lens) when young, sometimes becoming brownish to brown as the mushroom matures; often with a fibrillose, whitish ring, but sometimes with merely a whitish sheathing over the base, or without any visible veil remnants; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White, or yellow above the tubes and in the stem; not staining when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor slightly fragrant; taste not distinctive.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 2-2.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth;hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Basidia 17-23 x 3-5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in bundles; 28-45 x 4-8 m; cylindric to clavate or subfusiform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline to brown in KOH; often obscured by brown pigment globules. Pileipellis an ixocutis; elements 2-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline to brownish in KOH.

Hypomyces chrysospermus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hypomyces_chrysospermus.html

Ecology: Parasitic on various species of boletes; summer and fall, or over winter in warm climates; originally described from France (Tulasne & Tulasne 1860); widely distributed in Eurasia and in North America; also recorded in Central America and Oceania. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Ohio.

Fruiting Body: A mold-like covering that spreads across the bolete, eventually covering it entirely; white and tissue-like at first, becoming powdery and golden yellow, and, eventually, crustlike and brown to reddish brown.

Microscopic Features: Aleuriospores 16-22 m including ornamentation; globose; echinate with spines about 1 m long; thick-walled; golden yellow in KOH. Conidia 11-20 x 4-8 m; ellipsoid or irregularly ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Subicular hyphae 2-5 m wide, septate, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

Calostoma cinnabarinum

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Calostoma_cinnabarinum.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with oaks; growing alone or gregariously, often in moss beds or in low-lying, wet areas; spring through fall; eastern North America, Texas, and perhaps in the Southwest; also Central America and South America, and reported from Asia; apparently more common at higher elevations within its range. The illustrated and described collections are from North Carolina.

Fruiting Body: A spore case sitting atop a stem structure; at first covered with a thick, gelatinous covering that sloughs away, slides down the stem, and then surrounds the stem base until drying up and disappearing. Spore case 11-25 mm wide; 11-25 mm high; subglobose; cinnabar red when young and fresh, fading to reddish orange; apex developing a bright red, ridged peristome that looks a bit like a stitched scar; at first covered with gelatin but dry and finely dusted after the gelatin sloughs away; interior filled with whitish to yellowish spore dust. Stem structure 2-5 cm high; 1-2.5 cm wide; composed of tightly wound cords; soft; dull orangish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-19 x 6-10 m; ellipsoid; finely punctate; walls about 0.5 m thick; uniguttulate (occasionally biguttulate) and hyaline in KOH. Capillitial threads 4-6 m wide; walls to 1 m thick; hyaline in KOH; clamped.

REFERENCES: Corda, 1809. (Saccardo, 1888; Reed, 1910; Coker & Couch, 1928; Smith, Smith & Weber, 1981; Castro-Mendoza et al., 1983; Weber & Smith, 1985; Arora, 1986; Phillips, 1991/2005; Lincoff, 1992; Metzler & Metzler, 1992; Hughey et al., 2000; Roody, 2003; Calonge at al., 2005; Miller & Miller, 2006; Basaeia et al., 2007; Wilson et al., 2007; Kuo & Methven, 2010; Trierveiler-Pereira et al., 2013; Baroni, 2017; Woehrel & Light, 2017; Elliott & Stephenson, 2018.) Herb. Kuo 08091912, 08091913.

Hypsizygus tessulatus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hypsizygus_tessulatus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; usually growing in clusters of two or three; widely distributed in eastern and northern North America, and sometimes reported from the Rocky Mountains and the West Coast; fall. The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan and Québec.

Cap: 4-8 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex with a slightly inrolled margin; dry; bald; whitish to buff or very pale tan; sometimes "tessulated" with watery spots when fresh and young.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; short-gills frequent; whitish; not bruising.

Stem: 3-8 cm long, 1-2 cm thick; equal or slightly club-shaped; dry; bald or very finely silky; whitish to very pale tan.

Flesh: Firm; white; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive, or slightly mealy; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: White to buff.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-5 m; subglobose; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Lamellar trama parallel. Basidia 4-sterigmate. Hymenial cystidia not found. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 2-4 m wide, often clamped, smooth, hyaline in KOH.

Suillus pseudobrevipes

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Suillus_pseudobrevipes.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hard pines (those with needles in bundles of 2 or 3), especially lodgepole pine; growing alone, scattered, or gregariously; summer and fall; originally described from Idaho (Thiers & Smith 1964); distributed throughout western North America, in the natural range of lodgepole pine. The illustrated and described collections are from Colorado.

Cap: 5-12 cm; convex becoming broadly convex; slimy when fresh; bald; brownish yellow to yellow-brown, fading to tan; the margin with white veil remnants.

Pore Surface: Pale yellow, becoming darker yellow; not bruising; with 2-3 circular to angular pores per mm; tubes to about 1 cm deep; surface not boletinoid.

Stem: 2.5-6 cm long; 1.5-2.5 cm thick; tapering slightly to apex; whitish to pale yellowish above; whitish to brownish yellow below; sometimes bruising brownish; glandular dots usually tiny and concolorous with stem surface (nearly invisible without a hand lens) when young, sometimes becoming brownish to brown as the mushroom matures; often with a fibrillose, whitish ring, but sometimes with merely a whitish sheathing over the base, or without any visible veil remnants; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: White, or yellow above the tubes and in the stem; not staining when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor slightly fragrant; taste not distinctive.

Spore Print: Cinnamon brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-9 x 2-2.5 m; boletoid-fusiform; smooth;hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Basidia 17-23 x 3-5 m; clavate; 4-sterigmate. Cystidia in bundles; 28-45 x 4-8 m; cylindric to clavate or subfusiform; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline to brown in KOH; often obscured by brown pigment globules. Pileipellis an ixocutis; elements 2-5 m wide, smooth, hyaline to brownish in KOH.

Volvariella taylorii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Volvariella_taylorii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously on the ground in hardwood forests, often near woody debris; spring (see comments above); North American distribution uncertain. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois and Pennsylvania

Cap: 3-6 cm across; convex, becoming broadly convex; dry; finely radially hairy; grayish brown to brownish gray; the margin not lined, but sometimes splitting with age.

Gills: Free from the stem; close or crowded; short-gills frequent; whitish when young, becoming pink to brownish pink with maturity.

Stem: 3.5-5.5 cm long; 7-13 mm thick; tapering gradually to apex; with a slightly swollen base or a small basal bulb; dry; very finely hairy near the apex but bald elsewhere; whitish, discoloring brownish; the base encased in a thick, whitish to gray or brownish, sack-like volva.

Flesh: White; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Radishlike.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Brownish pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-8 x 4-5 m; ellipsoid; smooth; thick-walled; yellowish to hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 4-spored. Cheilo- and pleurocystidia when present 30-50 x 7.5-12.5 m; lageniform; thin-walled; smooth; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis a cutis with areas of upright hyphal ends; elements 5-15 m wide, smooth or a little encrusted, septate, hyaline to brownish in KOH; terminal cells cylindric with rounded apices. Clamp connections not found.

#Shrooms #Mushroom #Psilocybin #Psilocin #LSD #Psychedelics #HarmReduction

(comment on Spiss fleinsopp)

Galerina marginata

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Galerina_marginata.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the rotting wood of fallen hardwoods and conifers (in the Midwest, often but not exclusively found on the deadwood of eastern cottonwood); causing a stringy white rot; usually growing in clusters, but occasionally growing gregariously or alone; most frequent in spring and fall, but found year-round; widely distributed and common in North America. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Colorado, and Québec.

Cap: 1.5-5 cm (rarely up to 8 cm); convex at first, becoming broadly convex or nearly flat—or, sometimes, slightly bell-shaped; sticky when fresh or wet, otherwise tacky to dry; bald; at first honey yellow with an orangish hue, becoming cinnamon to brownish orange; often fading markedly as it dries out, creating a two-toned appearance; the margin sometimes adorned with whitish veil remnants when very young, usually becoming naked and finely lined at maturity.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem or just beginning to run down; close or nearly distant; short-gills frequent; yellowish at first, eventually becoming rusty brown or brownish as the spores mature; not bruising but sometimes becoming spotted in appearance in old age; at first covered by a whitish partial veil.

Stem: 2-7.5 cm long; 3-8 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; bald or, when fresh and young, flecked with whitish fibrils; usually featuring a thin, whitish to rusty brown, collapsed, bracelet-like ring but sometimes with only a ring zone or without veil remnants at all; whitish to brownish, turning dark brown to reddish brown from the base up; basal mycelium white.

Flesh: Insubstantial; yellowish to watery brownish; unchanging when sliced.

Odor: Not distinctive, or slightly mealy (crush the flesh between your fingers).

Chemical Reactions: KOH red to dull red on cap surface. Ammonia negative on cap surface. Iron salts negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 4-6 m; broadly amygdaliform to subellipsoid; verrucose; reddish brown in KOH; often with a loosening perispore. Basidia usually 4-sterigmate, but occasionally 2-sterigmate. Pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia similar; 40-65 x 5-15 m; lageniform, with a long neck and a rounded or subclavate apex; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH. Pileipellis an ixocutis. Clamp connections present.

Helvella elastica

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Helvella_elastica.html

Ecology: Probably mycorrhizal; growing alone or gregariously under conifers or hardwoods, on the ground--or, rarely, from rotting wood; late summer and fall; widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 1-6 cm across; loosely and shallowly saddle-shaped, loosely convex, or irregular, with convex lobes that sometimes fuse by maturity; upper surface bald, tan to brown or grayish brown; undersurface whitish to pale brownish, bald, only rarely ingrown with stem where contact occurs; the young margin folding downward, towards the stem, rather than curling upwards.

Flesh: Thin; brittle.

Stem: 2-11 cm long; to about 1 cm thick; more or less equal; cream colored; bald; hollow.

Microscopic Features: Spores 18-24 x 11.5-15 ; elliptical; smooth; usually with one central oil droplet and up to 5 small droplets at each end. Paraphyses hyaline to pale brownish (especially in a water mount); with granular contents; apices clavate to subcapitate, 5-11 wide. Excipular surface with only a few projecting elements that are hyaline, septate, and 2-3 wide.

Lysurus corallocephalus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Lysurus_corallocephalus.html

Note: Since I have not collected or studied collections of this mushroom, the description is based on the sources cited below and the photos sent to me.

Ecology: Probably saprobic; growing alone or gregariously in a variety of habitats (Dring [1980] lists the following for specimens examined: "on soil in maize field," "under Pithecolobium," "Old Calabar botanic garden," "in Acacia xanthophaea woodland," "Bamboo forest c. 7000 ft," "edge of cultivated field and natural woodland," and "in grass"); originally described from Angola (Welwitsch & Currey 1868); distributed throughout subSaharan Africa; found year-round.

Fruiting Body: At first a pale "egg" up to 4 cm across; emerging to form a stem and a head. Stem up to 12 cm high; more or less cylindric; hollow; whitish to yellowish, pink, or reddish; spongy; pitted; arising from a whitish to pinkish volva. Head scarlet to reddish orange, with protruding branches arranged around polygonal meshes; the branches simple or forked, up to 3 mm wide and 2 cm long, accordion-like when fresh; covered with olive-brown to dark brown spore slime.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-4.5 x 1.5-2 m; more or less ellipsoid.

Gloeoporus dichrous

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Gloeoporus_dichrous.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods and, rarely, conifers; sometimes reported on the decaying fruiting bodies of other dead polypores (including Inonotus dryophilus and Ganoderma applanatum); causing a white rot; usually growing gregariously; annual; spring through fall (and over winter in warm climates); widely distributed in North America but more common east of the Rocky Mountains.

Cap: Often present and fairly well developed, but sometimes absent or present merely as a turned-over edge above the pore surface; shelf-like and fused laterally with other caps, or kidney-shaped to semicircular; up to about 6 cm wide individually; velvety to finely hairy or nearly bald when mature; with or without concentric zones of texture; creamy to white.

Pore Surface: Reddish brown to orange-brown when young, becoming browner with age (and purplish brown when dried); with concentric bands of color shades; often covered with a whitish bloom; with 4-6 round to angular pores per mm; tubes up to about 1 mm deep, gelatinous to rubbery, separable as a layer when fresh.

Stem: Absent

Flesh: White; cottony to tough; thin.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to yellowish or orangish on flesh and cap surface.

Microscopic Features: Spores 3.5-5.5 x 0.7-1.5 ; smooth; allantoid; inamyloid; hyaline in KOH. Setae absent. Cystidia absent. Hyphal system monomitic, with prominent clamp connections.

Cantharellus californicus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cantharellus_californicus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with California live oak and occasionally with other oaks or tanoak; growing alone, scattered or gregariously in fall and winter; often pushing up through mud and forest debris after heavy rains and remaining partially covered; California, from the Bay Area to Los Angeles. The illustrated and described collections are from San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties.

Cap: 5-20 cm across; at first planoconvex with an inrolled margin, becoming broadly convex, flat, or shallowly to deeply depressed, with an inrolled, uplifted, or irregular and wavy margin; the center not becoming perforated; fairly bald; egg-yolk yellow, often with scattered areas of a whitish, filmy coating; sticky to nearly slimy when fresh.

Undersurface: With well developed false gills that run down the stem; colored like the cap or paler; by maturity with frequent cross-veins, or becoming elaborately veined.

Stem: 3-8 cm long and 1-3 cm thick; fairly stocky; equal; more or less bald; pale yellow; discoloring and bruising slowly orangish brown, especially near the base; fleshy.

Flesh: Whitish; thick; stringy; water-logged when wet; not changing color when sliced.

Chemical Reactions: Iron salts gray to grayish on flesh and false gills.

Odor and Taste: Taste not distinctive; odor fragrant and sweet.

Spore Print: Yellowish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 9-13 x 4-5 ; ellipsoid to slightly irregular and subcylindric; smooth; faintly ochraceous in KOH, with minutely granular contents. Basidia 2- to 4-sterigmate; <NOBR>55-70 </NOBR> long. Elements from cap surface 2.5-5 wide; clamped at septa; hyaline to yellow; smooth; terminal cells cylindric, thin-walled, with rounded to subacute apices.

Cortinarius trivialis

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Cortinarius_trivialis.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with quaking aspen and other hardwoods; growing scattered or gregariously; summer and fall (or over winter in coastal California); northern and western North America.

Cap: 3-11 cm; bell-shaped or convex, becoming broadly bell-shaped; thickly slimy; bald; orangish brown to yellowish brown.

Gills: Attached to the stem; close; pale clay or faintly lilac colored at first, becoming brownish or rusty brown.

Stem: 5-12 cm long; 1-2 cm thick; equal or tapering a little to the base; covered with clear or whitish slime when fresh; shaggy and "belted" or obscurely zoned with whitish to brownish scales, especially over the lower half; whitish above, orange-brown to brownish below; sometimes with a rusty ring zone.

Flesh: White, or brownish in base of stem; sometimes bruising brownish.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative to slightly grayish on cap surface.

Spore Print: Rusty brown.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-15 x 5-8 ; amygdaliform or subellipsoid; moderately to weakly verrucose. Pleurocystidia absent. Cheilocystidia basidiole-like. Marginal cells present. Pileipellis an ixocutis with conspicuously clamped elements.

Phallus ravenelii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Phallus_ravenelii.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing alone or gregariously in gardens, flowerbeds, meadows, lawns, woodchips, sawdust piles, cultivated areas, and so on&mdash;also in woods, often in the vicinity of rotting wood, or growing directly from well-rotted logs; usually appearing in fall (also over winter during warm spells and in warmer climates); originally described from South Carolina; widely distributed in North America from Mexico to eastern Canada and the Midwestern, southeastern, and northeastern United States. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, and Virginia.

Immature Fruiting Body: Like a whitish to purplish or pink "egg" 3-6 cm high and 2-4 cm wide; egg-shaped or nearly round; base attached to white rhizomorphs; when sliced revealing the whitish stinkhorn-to-be encased in a brownish gelatinous substance.

Mature Fruiting Body: Cylindric, with a clearly differentiated head structure that sits thimble-like atop the step.

Head: 3-5 cm high; attached to the top of the stem; broadly conic or nearly so; soon becoming perforated at the apex, with the perforation surrounded by a sterile whitish "lip" (the sterile lip is present even in the "egg" stage); smooth or granular and slightly wrinkled; creamy to dull grayish brown, covered with darker brown spore slime; sometimes with patches of purplish to pinkish universal veil.

Stem: 10-17 cm high; 2-3.5 cm thick; slightly tapered to apex; dry; creamy to pale yellowish; pocketed with 1-2 declivities per mm; hollow; base enclosed in a pink to purplish volva 2-5 cm high; attached to white or pink rhizomorphs.

Microscopic Features: Spores 2.5-4 x 1-1.5 m; subcylindric; smooth; hyaline to yellowish in KOH. Sphaerocysts of the pseudostipe 12-70 m; irregularly subglobose; smooth; walls 0.5-1 m thick; hyaline in KOH. Hyphae of the volva 2-10 m wide; smooth; thin-walled; hyaline in KOH; clamp connections present.

Trametes gibbosa

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Trametes_gibbosa.html

Ecology: Saprobic on the deadwood of hardwoods; annual; causing a white rot of the sapwood; growing alone or gregariously on logs and stumps; spring through fall; originally described from Europe (Persoon 1795); widely distributed in Eurasia; in North America distributed from the Great Plains eastward, and in the Pacific Northwest. The illustrated and described collections are from Illinois, Michigan, North Carolina, and Ohio.

Cap: 4-20 cm across; 2.5-9 cm deep; 1.5-5 cm thick; semicircular or kidney-shaped; convex to planoconvex; dry; vaguely or distinctly zoned with tomentose and bald zones; whitish to grayish or brownish (sometimes green in places due to algae); lumpy; the margin often yellowish to brownish or brown when fresh.

Pore Surface: White to pale brownish; usually featuring slot-like pores (1-2 per mm) with thick pore walls, but occasionally with maze-like pores; tubes 2-15 mm deep; bruising yellow to pinkish or brownish&mdash;or not bruising.

Stem: Absent, or present as a prominent bump at the point of attachment to the substrate or, less often, as a stubby lateral structure with a surface like that of the cap.

Flesh: White; very tough and leathery; not changing when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor usually strong and fragrant when fresh, but sometimes not distinctive; taste slightly bitter, or not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH yellow to orange on flesh.

Spore Print: Whitish to faintly yellowish.

Microscopic Features: Spores 4-5 x 1.5-2.5 m; cylindric to long-ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Cystidia not found. Setae not found. Hyphal system trimitic: generative hyphae 2.5-5 m wide, thin-walled, with clamp connections; skeletal hyphae 5-7.5 m wide, thick-walled, aseptate; binding hyphae 2.5-5 m wide, thick-walled, aseptate, branching frequently.

Hygrocybe reidii

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Hygrocybe_reidii.html

Ecology: Precise ecological role uncertain (see Lodge and collaborators, 2013); growing scattered or gregariously under hardwoods or conifers; summer; North American distribution uncertain (it is reported from Qu&#233;bec, North Carolina, and Minnesota in online records). The illustrated and described collections are from Michigan and Pennsylvania.

Cap: 2-3.5 cm; convex, becoming broadly convex to planoconvex or broadly bell-shaped; bald or, under a lens, very finely fibrillose; lubricous when fresh but not sticky; bright orange; the margin scalloped when young.

Gills: Broadly attached to the stem; nearly distant; pale orange, fading to yellow; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 3-5 cm long; 3-5 mm thick; more or less equal; dry; bald; pale orange, fading to yellowish; white at the base.

Flesh: Pale orange; unchanging when sliced.

Odor and Taste: Odor (best detected when specimens are drying or have been recently dried and packaged) strongly sweet and slightly foul, reminiscent of honey going bad; taste not distinctive.

Chemical Reactions: KOH negative on cap surface.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 6-10 x 4-5 ; smooth; ellipsoid; smooth; hyaline in KOH; inamyloid. Basidia 2- and 4-spored; to about 55 long. Hymenial cystidia absent. Lamellar trama parallel or nearly so. Pileipellis a cutis.

Zelleromyces cinnabarinus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Zelleromyces_cinnabarinus.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with pines (species of Pinus, with bundled needles); growing along or gregariously; summer and fall; distributed from Mexico and Texas to the Carolinas, Illinois, and Indiana. The illustrated and described collection is from Indiana.

Fruiting Body: 1-3 cm across; shaped more or less like a ball or a rounded cushion; sometimes fused with other fruiting bodies and appearing lobed; pinched at the base, sometimes (especially when young) attached to a tiny basal stub; outer surface bald or a little felty, dry, whitish to orangish at first, maturing to dull cinnamon orange or brownish orange; interior loculate (see above), packed more tightly toward the base, whitish when young, becoming orangish to brownish.

Milk: White and abundant in young fruiting bodies; later more scant and watery; not staining tissues.

Odor and Taste: Not distinctive.

Spore Print: Not obtainable.

Microscopic Features: Spores 10-14 m (excluding ornamentation); globose to subglobose; ornamented with amyloid spines and ridges 0.5-1.5 m high, forming a complete or nearly complete reticulum; ornamentation fine but dense. Basidia 1- and 2-sterigmate. Cystidia not found. Peridium surface a turf of hyphae 2-3 m wide, smooth, hyaline; terminal cells cylindric to slightly fusiform or irregular.

Russula densifolia

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Russula_densifolia.html

Ecology: Mycorrhizal with hardwoods or conifers; growing alone, scattered, gregariously, or in dense troops; summer and fall (also over winter in warmer climates); widely distributed in North America.

Cap: 4-15 cm; broadly convex when young, later flat with a central depression, or shallowly vase-shaped; sticky at first or when wet; more or less smooth, or finely felty to the touch; initially white but soon discoloring to brownish, ashy gray, brown, or blackish; bruising slowly reddish, then blackish; the margin initially somewhat inrolled, not lined or lined faintly and widely; the cap skin peeling easily about halfway to the center.

Gills: Attached or running very slightly down the stem; narrow; close or crowded (sometimes nearly distant); white to cream, eventually yellowish; bruising slowly reddish, then blackish.

Stem: 1.5-9 cm long; 1-3.5 cm thick; white but soon darkening like the cap; bruising reddish, then blackish over the course of as much as half an hour; smooth or finely felty.

Flesh: White; hard; bruising promptly or slowly reddish on exposure, then blackish over the course of as much as half an hour.

Odor and Taste: Odor not distinctive; taste mild or slowly slightly to very acrid.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative. Iron salts on stem surface negative.

Spore Print: White.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-11 x 6-8.5 ; elliptical to subglobose; with warts to .7 high; connectors usually forming partial or complete reticula. Pileipellis up to 500 thick; occasionally disposed as a single, cutis-like layer but more commonly two layered, with the lower level densely interwoven and cutis-like and the upper level composed of fairly erect elements embedded in a gelatinous matrix; pileocystidia absent.

Entoloma caccabus

https://www.mushroomexpert.com/Entoloma_caccabus.html

Ecology: Saprobic; growing gregariously in bare soil under northern red oak, white oak, hop hornbeam, and persimmon; July; Coles County, Illinois.

Cap: 1-3 cm; planoconvex with a slightly incurved margin at first, becoming shallowly depressed, with a wavy margin and a small umbo; moist; bald; dark grayish brown to dark yellowish brown at first, fading markedly to medium yellowish brown (but often retaining a darker center); the margin becoming slightly translucent-lined with age.

Gills: Attached to the stem; nearly distant; whitish at first, becoming pink; short-gills frequent.

Stem: 2.5-3.5 cm long; 2-4 mm thick; equal; dry; bald or finely silky; whitish to grayish or brownish.

Flesh: Thin; insubstantial; watery whitish to brownish.

Odor and Taste: Mealy.

Chemical Reactions: KOH on cap surface negative.

Spore Print: Pink.

Microscopic Features: Spores 7-10 x 6-8 ; 5- to 6-sided; heterodiametric or occasionally nearly isodiametric; angular; smooth; hyaline. Hymenial cystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis; elements 5-12.5 wide, brown to brownish in 10% ammonia, with intracellular pigment. Clamp connections present.